English Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

English Literature - Essay Example As indicated by Homer, Agamemnon takes Chrysies, little girl of chryses, who was the minister of Apollo. The Achaean authority Agamemnon undermines chryses for begging him to restore his girl trade for a prize. Chryses comes back to Apollo and implores him to be wrathful to Agamemnon. Apollo hits back with a plague that slaughtered men and creatures on the land as a method of vengeance Achilles relationship is likewise observed where he persuades Agamemnon to return Chryses girl. Achilles is remunerated for returning chrysies little girl however Agamemnon chooses to claim away Achilles reward Briseis which makes Achilles rankled and need to slaughter the ruler (Lawall and Mack). Athena a divine being stops Achilles before he executes the ruler. Achilles contention with Agamemnon incites him not to battle for the Achaeans and sits back to watch his kindred warriors being assaulted by Hector the Trojan warrior. The relationship of Achilles and his kindred warriors is intelligent when h e sits back while his kindred warriors were executed at the front line and his companion Patroclus is murdered. Question 2 Odyssey is a Greek warrior who was forceful, bold, canny, mindful, and brave. As per homer, Odyssey uncovers his brave characteristic when he escapes from Polyphemus by cutting him with a shaft. Odyssey being a fearless man was a decent impact to his kindred warriors. As indicated by the Greek culture pioneers who had Odysseys characteristics where profoundly respected for their great chief boat aptitudes. Odyssey is additionally a careful warrior in that he falters before making any move that would imperil the lives of his kindred warriors. As per Homer, Odyssey in innumerable experiences he has spared the lives of his kindred warriors and furthermore the his family. At the point when he masks himself to appear as though a homeless person was wary activity for him to spare his significant other from the admirers and trusted that opportune time will uncover him to the admirers. Odyssey was likewise careful when he understood the expectations of the admirers to slaughter his child Telemachus (Lawall and Mack 77). Odyssey has likewise conquered numerous enticements in the circumstance where he defeats the allurement of the lotus plant. Odyssey and his kindred men in the wake of showing up at the Cyclop Island were enticed to eat the leaves of the lotus plant. The plant influences their brains and makes the warriors to overlook their family and return venture home. Odyssey understands the impact of the plant on the men he turns around the impact with allocate henceforth sparing the life of his men. Odyssey additionally avoids enticement of Calypso when she attempts to hold him hostage his will to get back to his family is heard by the divine beings who act the hero. Odyssey’s demonstrates liking to the Greek individuals, family, and his kindred warriors. His will to get back from Calypso Island to his significant other and child shows he was adoring and love for his family. Odyssey additionally demonstrates proclivity to his kindred warriors by going along with them in the war against the foes. His gutsy, dauntlessness and war strategies can be identified with present day movies, for example, Rambo where Sylvester Stallone is the legend. Question 3 The old Greeks had a strict foundation where they had faith in convictions, ceremonies and practices. As indicated by Homer, the Greeks would make contributions to the divine beings to help them during the wars. In the epic story of Achilles, the Greeks offered penances to the divine beings during the war with Trojan warriors. The Greece had a decision class Basileis where the leaders of Ancient Greece. These rulers had an assortment of jobs with the fundamental one serving the individuals as rulers and judges. In the epic

Introduction to the Human Body Level 3

Life systems and Physiology Introduction to the Human body Presentation The human body is such a fascinating machine, the manner in which it is organized and how it functions is instructive. There is such a long way to go regarding the human body and up until today researchers are still under going clinical research. There are a ton of inquiries individuals might want to think about how their body functions. The report will incorporate the accompanying structures: †¢ Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) †¢ An Organelle †¢ The cell film It will likewise assess the elements of the accompanying structures: †¢ The cell †¢ Body tissue Body framework Findings 1. 1Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 1. 2An Organelle 1. 3The Cell Membrane 2. 1 The Cell 2. 2 Body Tissue 2. 3 Body System 3. 1 Ultrasound 3. 2 Gastroscopy 3. 3 Similarities, advantages and dangers of the two systems 4. 1 Cloning 1. 1 Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Deoxyribonucleic Acid is an atom, which goes down data, required for the development, advancement and multiplication of a life form. It is passed from grown-ups to their youngsters (posterity). DNA is found inside the core of the cell and due to there being a great deal of DNA atoms inside a cell; every particle must be firmly packed.This then turns into a chromosome. DNA found in the phone core is alluded to as atomic DNA, a human’s complete arrangement of atomic DNA is called its genome. A genome comprises of 23 sets of chromosomes; these chromosomes together comprise of 3. 1 billion bases of DNA grouping. DNA comprises of chains called nucleotides. Postulations are comprised of three sections: a phosphate gathering, a sugar gathering and one of four sorts of nitrogen bases. The four kinds of nitrogen bases found in nucleotides are: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The request or arrangement these bases come in, is because of that particular strand of DNA .Each stepping stool in the DNA is made of two-connected bases. Just (An) and (T) can connect together and (G) and (C) can inter face together. Adenine and Guanine are purines. Purines are twofold ringed structures. Cytosine and Thymine are singled ringed structures and are known as pyramidines. Every DNA grouping that contains guidelines, to make a protein, is known as a quality. DNA is utilized to make proteins in a two-advance procedure. Chemicals read the data in a DNA atom and afterward interpret it into a middle person particle called flag-bearer ribonucleic corrosive (RNA), or mRNA.Next the data in the atoms is converted into the â€Å"language† of amino acids, which are the structure squares of proteins. (Reference section I) 1. 2 An Organelle An organelle is a discrete structure inside a cell, as chloroplast or acentriole. It is described by having particular capacities, a normally unmistakable synthetic creation and a distinguishing particle structure: frequently found in enormous numbers in aparticular cell. Organelles have explicit tasks to carry out in how cells work. A few organelles are isolated from the remainder of the cell by lipid bi-layers comparative in structure to the cell membrane.An case of an organelle is ribosomes. The capacity of ribosomes is the get together of proteins, in a procedure called interpretation. Ribosomes do this by catalyzing the gathering of individual amino acids into polypeptide chains; this includes restricting an ambassador RNA and afterward utilizing this as a layout to consolidate the right arrangement of amino acids. (Informative supplement ii) 1. 3 The Cell Membrane All cells are encircled by a cell film, and its basic role is to keep the substance of the cell all together. Cell layers resemble numerous different organelles of a cell since they exist for a particular job.This work is to screen and control everything that enters and leaves the cell. The phone film is comprised of lipid atoms called phospholipids. These particles all have one polar head and two hydrocarbon tails as indicated by cellupedia. There are three primary classes of lipid particles, which make up a cell layer. These classes incorporate phospholipids, glycolipids and cholesterol. The specific measure of these lipids shifts across various layers. The cell film is versatile and moves along â€Å"groves† which are set ways the layer follow.Membranes are made phospholipids, proteins and sugars masterminded in a liquid mosaic structure. The phospholipids structure a slender, adaptable sheet, while the proteins glide in the phospholipids sheet and the sugars stretch out from the proteins. (Informative supplement iii) 2. 1 The Cell A cell is the littlest unit of living issue. Every single living thing including plants and creatures are comprised of cells. Cells are made of iotas, which are the littlest units of issue. There are various sorts of cells. All phones have a â€Å"skin† called plasma film, shielding it from the outside environment.The cell layer manages the development of water, supplements and squanders into and out of the phone. Within the cell film are the working pieces of the cell. At the focal point of the cell is the cell core. The cell core contains the cell’s DNA, the hereditary code that organizes protein union. Notwithstanding the core, there are numerous organelles within the cell, little structures that help do the everyday tasks of the cell. Organelles are gatherings of complex particles that help a phone endure. There are numerous capacities that the cell needs to do: particle transport, proliferation, vitality transformation and numerous more.I have decided to talk about multiplication as one of the cells capacities. Generation One of the primary reasons for individuals and living animals is to endure. To have the option to do this the cells must have the option to recreate. Propagation permits a types of cells to build its populace and have a higher upper hand. Second, sexual multiplication can help bring hereditary variety into specie which can be gainful over the long haul. Case of this may be the distinction in looks between people. Cells can repeat in two different ways, mitosis and meiosis.In mitosis, the subsequent girl cell is an indistinguishable clone of the first cell. Mitosis is generally utilized by substantial (cells of the body). Meiosis be that as it may, is the type of sexual propagation and just happens in gametes (regenerative cells). Mitosis If a life form is to live and grow up it must duplicate. Cell division serves a significant job in organisms’ wellbeing and development. Cell division starts with interphase, when the cell reproduces the entirety of its genomic and cytoplasmic material and gets ready for division. After the cell enters the 4-staged mitosis.To see the likenesses among mitosis and meiosis see index. (Reference section IV) 2. 2 Body Tissue Body tissue is a layer of cells that play out a capacity. Various sorts of tissues have various structures that are explicit to that work. Tissues can be held together by a clingy covering called a â€Å"extracellular matrix†. The Latin word for tissue is gotten from the action word texere, â€Å"to weave†. The significant tissue types in the human body: †¢ Connective †¢ Muscular †¢ Nervous System †¢ Lymphatic The sort of tissue that has been chosen is muscle tissue. Muscle TissueMuscle tissue contains various microfilaments made out of actins’ and myosin, which are contractile proteins. There are three sorts of tissue: Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle and instinctive (smooth) muscle. Cardiovascular muscle is found in the heart. The cells are joined to each other by intercalated plates which permit the synchronization of the heartbeat. Skeletal muscle is connected to the bones by ligaments. Skeletal muscle is striated muscle. In contrast to cardiovascular muscle, the cells are not stretched. Instinctive muscle is found in: the corridors, the bladder, the stomach related tract and in numerous other organs.Vis ceral muscle contracts more slow than skeletal muscle, however the constriction can be continued over a significant stretch of time. (Supplement v) 2. 3 Body System There are 11 frameworks in the body they are as per the following: The Circulatory framework Digestive framework Endocrine framework Immune framework Lymphatic framework Muscular framework Nervous framework Reproductive framework Skeletal framework. (Index VI) The framework that has been chosen is ‘The Reproductive System’. Regenerative System Females have intercourse organs of: ovaries, fallopian cylinders, uterus and vagina. Though the guys sex organs are: vas deferens, original vesicles, prostate and the penis.In the conceptive framework a female needs a male to prepare her egg. There are two sorts of sex cells known as gametes, the male gamete is sperm and the females’ gamete is the egg. The females’ vagina has a few capacities: utilized for sex, the pathway that the infant comes out at lab or, as the course for the menstrual blood (time frame) to leave the body from the uterus and for a tampon to be utilized during the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle goes on for around 28 days, during this cycle an egg is discharged from the females’ ovaries once consistently and goes down the fallopian cylinders to be fertilised.If the egg doesn't get prepared it evaporates and after fourteen days leaves the body through the vagina, which makes the female have her period. A period is types of blood and tissue from the inward covering of the uterus. A period can last anything as long as 5 days or more. Females won't have a period until they have begun adolescence; pubescence for the most part begins when females and guys are matured around 11-14. In the event that the male and female sex cell are prepared the egg that is discharged won't evaporate and the female won't have a period. The egg will at that point advance toward the uterus and develop into a hatchling. Informat ive supplement vii) 3. 1 first demonstrative methodology Ultrasound is a non-intrusive strategy that might be utilized during pregnancy for discovering the sex of the hatchling and whether there is more than one baby, ultrasound additionally recognizes the estimations of the embryo. The sonographer, is the individual who does the proc

Australian national cinema is primarily government-supported, with Essay

Australian national film is principally government-bolstered, with restricted foundation and with a little populace. Examine k - Essay Example This irregularity is obvious from the movies results which indicated that since 1995, the neighborhood box workplaces taken by homegrown has seldom gone past five percent. Ginnane (2009) proposes that the way in to an effective film industry and abundant level of the Australian film industry (least of 10%) is the quantity of titles totaling to in excess of 5,000,000 dollars film industry consistently. To accomplish this, it is central for local movie producers to maintain a pattern of stable development to realize some proportion of financial independence in the residential film industry. Different issues are related with creating, supporting and continuing a national film industry. This paper will concentrate on these issues with regards to the Australian film industry. So as to build up a huge scope national film creation, a nation needs to make sure about a protected local dispersion base that has very much evolved display circuits. Litwak (2003) recommended that the significant h indrance confronting most producers is the way to make sure about conveyance for their movies. Without a protected dispersion, the probability of a beneficial degree of profitability in film creation is nonexistent. O’Reagan (1996) contended that Australian film needs to premium various operators, for example, film advertisers, makers and pundits in order to interpret the reasons and parts of the bargains films. Conveying films is one of the difficulties that most movie producers face once a film has been finished. Finding a group of people locally and universally can be settled by a safe dispersion. The targets of the government administrative and monetary help in Australia have consistently been reinforced by a social just as a business order. Cones (2010) calls attention to that in the event that a film effectively gets a wholesaler, the makers makes each efforst to help out the merchant to think of the most good discharge design in every appropriate imperative. The extent of circulation dynamically grows, adding theaters and urban communities to satisfy need as the film meets is crowd base. This implies a nation needs to make sure about a residential dispersion base for creating, supporting and continuing a national film industry. The second most significant angle in creating, supporting and continuing a national film industry is to comprehend individuals seeing propensities, the sort of motion pictures that they need to see. The Marketing Branch of the Australian Film Commission (1999) featured that it didn't discover as much help for elective movies or pro as it completed scarcely any years back. As indicated by the commission, the more youthful age who were utilized to begin being associated with those elective movies at the college level not, at this point frequented remote motion pictures any more and they likewise favored the greater movies. An overview led by Roy Morgan Research (2010) on Australian movies, narratives and anecdotal TV uncover ed that fiction TV viewership is driven by solid existing individual inclinations and uninvolved elements demonstrating reliable recurrent viewership. The greater part of the Australians experienced significant levels of fulfillment with the Australian screen content in any case they didn't appreciate screen content due to perspectives related with severely composed and amazing composition and furthermore moderate, exhausting and non diversion across narrative configurations, highlight movies and TV fiction. O’ Reagan (1996) contended that Australian film like those of different nations is all the more adequately comprehended as a lot of procedures as opposed to as an essential

An Impartial View of Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples

An Impartial View of Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples The New Angle On Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Just Released When people on the web aren't polite, they don't be concerned about their tone in any respect, and it offends people. No really, it is a very good idea. The key thing is to realize the concepts, not simply know the terms! When you learn your initial new topic or cover a vital notion, review it that night. The Pain of Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples The cost of an essay depends upon the quantity of effort the writer has to exert. Readers might not have heard of the most current Comedy Central star, but they'll have known of these. As you're reading, be sure you stop periodically to think about the main thoughts and how the author supports them. The more questions you ask before you commence writing, the more information you must utilize in the essay. When you compose the essay, you should choose one particular side to concentrate on. Argue Both Sides in case you have to compose a longer or more elaborate essay, it may help to outline each side of the argument before you begin writing. When you're writing an English essay, you have zero chance to confirm your paper by another individual. Top Choices of Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples At the close of the calendar year, it's your choice to be sure you understand everything to generate a 5 on the AP exam. You might decide to earn note cards for study but they're not required for a grade. The results page provides you with feedback that could help you produce your very own exceptional AP English study guide, and also contains each one of the helpful metrics you receive from the normal practice tests. If this is the case, you most likely already know there are two parts to the exam. There are lots of ways beyond the classroom to guarantee success on the spring exam. Luckily, there are plenty of practice tests that you may use. Find approaches to answer the exam in the utmost effective way. Gossip, Deception and Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples Produce your own excitement about the prompt and what you need to say about doing it. If you truly feel as if you still need more help or you're not sure that you could do it by yourself, look no more. Even challenges you must live with forever. The very first step to solving a dilemma is to get other people to listen. Type of Ap Language and Compsosition Marketing Essay Samples In addition, the paragraph doesn't support the notion that polite speech conveys tone online since it primarily focuses on the absence of polite speech on some pieces of the web. Then, after you have answered all the questions that yo u feel more confident about, return to the more challenging questions, if time permits. As soon as you own a thesis, think about your primary topic and discover words that relate to it in various ways. Sometimes the solution to the questions can be challenging and rather unnerving. As time passes, you should start to notice areas in which your studying should be raised and those which you're strong in. Listen, it's so a lot more than that. All registered students are entitled to services at the middle. AP Lang formative assessments will allow you to approach the course on the correct foot since it can point your efforts in the correct direction. There are many rhetorical terms it can be difficult to ascertain which ones which you will need to understand for AP Language and Composition! The AP English argument FRQ has become the most straightforward of the AP English FRQs because it's the most like essays you're already utilized to writing. To assist you better understand t he material for AP Language, you may also use study tools and other supplemental materials that you're able to find. It may not look like it but AP Language and Composition is an incredibly technical class. A thesis is the principal argument of your essay. These essays demonstrate minimal grasp of the subject or the passage. This kind of essay wants a good framework and outstanding support.

International Criminal Law Free Essay Example, 3500 words

Lemkin felt, during his documentation of Hitler’s offenses, strongly felt that such practices justified a reconsideration of some principle in international law. He states the issue as â€Å"whether government can destroy with impunity its own citizens and whether such acts of destruction are domestic affairs or matters of international concern. Practically speaking, should the moral right of humanitarian intervention be converted into a right under international law? †7 The implications of this question require a rethinking of the principles of criminal law which holds that criminal jurisdiction vests in a court when the crime is committed within the territorial jurisdiction of that court. Normally therefore, where a crime is committed even by a state’s own national, but outside its territory, no action may be brought against the national in that state Lemkin’s question proposes to make genocide an international crime, where action can be brought in a tribunal in another state for crimes committed outside its territory. Lemkin likened genocide to piracy, where the act is treated as a crime under the law of nations, in which case every state should be able to take jurisdiction over such acts irrespective of the nationality of the offender and of the place where the crime was committed. In 1945, the German war criminals were indicted on the crime of genocide and other offenses, for the extermination of the Jews, Poles, Gypsies, and ot her racial or religious groups. We will write a custom essay sample on International Criminal Law or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now The term genocide had to be created to encompass the legal concept of the destruction of human groups, with the intent to â€Å"wipe out entirely the biological power of the neighbours of Germany, so that Germany might win a permanent victory, whether directly through military subjugation or indirectly through geological destruction. Germany’s eventual defeat is immaterial, for as long as its neighbours whom it considered its enemies would be so weakened that Germany would be able to recover its strength years after its defeat8. Consequently, in August 1945, the triumphant World War II Allies decided that the high Nazi officials shall be held accountable through a series of criminal trials. In order to realize this, they appended a list of â€Å"crimes against humanity† to the Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of the Major War Criminals. The so-called crimes against humanity were defined as â€Å"murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated. †9 Extermination and persecution â€Å"’Crimes against humanity’ is an international criminal justice offence; the pertpetration of acts of war upon a civilian, non-soldier population. †10 As related in the previous section, it was appended to the document entitled Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of the Major War Criminals, which was put into effect in the Nuremberg trials.

Death Penalty Essay - 1146 Words

Thesis It is more reasonable to utilize the death penalty than to abolish it. The death penalty should not be abolished because (1) it deters people from committing murder and (2) because the death penalty gives peace of mind to the victims and their families and puts an end to the crime.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Arguments for the thesis (1) The death penalty should not be abolished because the fear of the highest form of punishment will keep potential victims alive. (2) The death penalty should not be abolished because the families of the victims can only begin the healing process once the murderer is put to death. Response to objections to the thesis (1) Objection: The death penalty should be abolished because even the†¦show more content†¦(1) Most murders happen in the passion of the moment, however, serial killers, burglars, gang members, and others who plan their crime in advance can and do think of the possibilities. Many criminals don’t carry weapons while committing crimes, for example, to keep from killing, as Senator Arlen Specter of Pennsylvania recalls: My twelve years’ experience in the Philadelphia District Attorney’s Office convinced me that the death penalty is a deterrent to crime. I saw many cases where professional burglars and robbers refused to carry weapons, for fear that a killing would occur and they would be charged with murder in the first degree, carrying the death penalty.(2) Because the death penalty is final and more feared than imprisonment, it deters some prospective murderers not deterred by the thought of imprisonment. Abolitionist’s main argument is that capitol punishment can’t remove the evil from society. No matter what the juridical laws that a country holds, heinous crimes will haunt and spread fear throughout as long as mankind is on this earth. There have been numerous studies that have concluded that the death penalty is not a deterrent. One of which is from the National Academy of Sciences. They concluded: â€Å"it seems unthinkable to us to base decisions onShow MoreRelatedPro Death Penalty Speech1482 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduce myself before we get started. My name is Slick Perry and if you didn’t already know, I am the state governor of Texas. You are all aware that we are reviewing our recidivism rate to various crimes and reviewing our stance regarding the death penalty as we approach 2009. Everyone here understands that capital punishment is a very controversial topic in the United States. In Texas, from December 1982 through August 2008, only 361 criminals of the millions of Texans in our good state were executedRead MoreThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. 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However, during our lab students that thought we should ban the death penalty had some pretty interesting reasons behind theirRead MoreThe Death Penalty Should Be Legal1805 Words   |  8 Pagesthat we all know is the death penalty. This penalty has been going around for years. To many people it might be the best way of punishing a person. On the other hand there are people who think that if you kill a person you should be sentenced to die as well. For me I would say it might not be the best way and it not working as many would like it. When choosing if you are for the death penalty you have to okay with an insect person dyei ng or even a family member being in death row. I know that is somethingRead MoreThe Death Penalty : An Effective Reliable Tool904 Words   |  4 Pagesthe death penalty has been a frequent topic of discussion, as our recent technological advancements have evidently led individuals to consider the â€Å"new found† legitimacy of our court systems, as statistics display that our previous racial bias and the apparent morality of the practice itself have a miniscule impact on our conviction rate. Both the advancements and ethics that the death penalty provides become apparent through the utilization of anecdotes and statistics, as the death penalty has prevailed

The poem Ithaca Essay Example For Students

The poem Ithaca Essay There are over 6 billion people in this world. They are all different and therefore all choose to live their lives in different ways. There are some individuals who always thrive to achieve more. They always want to do more, hear more, see more, whereas some individuals have a few selective goals and once those are achieved become perfectly content with their lives and where they are. There are many other ways people believe they should live their lives and thats how they live them. The author, Constantine Cavafy develops a certain idea of how individuals should live their life in the poem Ithaca. He believes that individuals should aim to accomplish the maximum amount of goals in their lives so that they will not have any regrets and can learn from the journey they take to accomplish these goals, because that is the most important part. They main points from this is that people should have many goals throughout their lives, they should be determined and not let things get in the way of accomplishing their goals and even more importantly, that they should learn from the journey. In the poem the author develops the idea that Individuals should have many aims throughout their lives and also enjoy their lives. The poet states that as the traveler sets out on his journey, he must hope that it is a long one, full of adventure and discovery. The destination of this journey is Ithaca, a Greek island, which was the destination of a mythical warrior named Odysseus who was made famous in Homers poems. Ithaca is a metaphor to the destination of the journey of life; therefore the author is stating that an individual should hope their life is long and full of adventure and discovery. Thought individuals lives they should take advantage of as many opportunities as possible to be able to get the ultimate experience. At many a summer dawn to enter with what gratitude, what joy -, expresses that an individual should not be ungrateful for the joyous moments in life, whether the joy is just for a short period or long. This extract refers to the joyous moments: ports seen for the first time; to stop at Phoenician trading centres, and to buy good merchandise, mother of pearl and coral, amber and ebony, and sensuous perfumes of every kind, sensuous perfumes as lavishly as you can;

10 Types of Apostrophe Errors You Should Avoid

10 Types of Apostrophe Errors You Should Avoid 10 Types of Apostrophe Errors You Should Avoid 10 Types of Apostrophe Errors You Should Avoid By Mark Nichol Even considering how many ways the apostrophe can be employed, erroneous use of punctuation mark is endemic. Here are brief discussions of ten categories of apostrophe abuse (including one writers and editors must let stand, even though it may pain them to do so). 1. With Plurals Writing the plural form of a noun in which an apostrophe precedes the plural s, such as when taxi’s is written instead if taxis, is a common error. (This mistake is known as a greengrocer’s apostrophe due to its ubiquity in hand-written- and even printed- store signs.) 2. With Pronouns Pronouns are followed by an apostrophe and s only as contractions (for example, he’s). Possessive pronouns (such as theirs and yours) never include an apostrophe. 3. With Shared Possession When two or more people or other entities are described as separately owning something, each name should be in possessive form: â€Å"John’s and Jane’s houses are the same color.† But when they share possession, include an apostrophe and an s after the last name only: â€Å"John and Jane’s house is just down the block.† 4. With the Possessive Form of a Surname That shingle on your neighbor’s porch should not read, â€Å"The Brown’s house,† unless your neighbor’s legal name is â€Å"the Brown.† A sign identifying the residence of the Browns should read â€Å"The Browns’ house† (or simply â€Å"The Browns†). 5. With the Plural Form of an Abbreviation No apostrophe is required with plurals of abbreviations. Write, for example, â€Å"They disarmed or detonated several IEDs† (not IED’s). 6. With the Plural Form of a Numeral In the rare case of indicating more than one instance of a numeral, do not use an apostrophe: â€Å"Write three 7s on a piece of paper† (not 7’s). 7. With a Span of Years Some publications persist in using an apostrophe in a reference to a span of years, but that form is outdated: Write, for example, â€Å"The style, which flourished briefly in the 1960s, made a comeback several decades later† (not 1960’s) and â€Å"He continued to work well into his 70s† (not 70’s). Generally, an apostrophe should follow a number only if it is possessive (â€Å"It was 1985’s longest-reigning Top 40 hit†), though this style is awkward. (An exception is use of a number to stand in for a person, such as when an athlete is identified by a uniform number, as in â€Å"It was number 13’s lucky day.†) 8. With the Plural Form of a Word Used as a Word Don’t apostrophize the conjunctions in â€Å"There are no ifs, ands, or buts about it† or the counterpoints in â€Å"A helpful list of dos and don’ts follows.† (Do, however, retain the intrinsic apostrophe in the plural form of don’t.) 9. With the Plural Form of a Letter Used as a Letter Even when a letter is italicized, it still looks awkward to simply place an s next to it to indicate plurality, so do insert an apostrophe: â€Å"How many m’s do you spell hmm with?† (Follow this rule even when, in the case of an expression such as â€Å"Mind your p’s and q’s,† italicization isn’t necessary.) However, omit an apostrophe when pluralizing capital letters: â€Å"She received only As and Bs on her last report card.† 10. With Brand Names Many brand names, such as Starbucks Coffee, that technically should include apostrophes don’t, for one of two reasons (or both): A company decides that the brand name and/or logo look better without an apostrophe, or it reasons that it’s better to omit the punctuation mark so that people typing the URL for the company’s website into a Web browser or searching for it (or for other references to the company) online won’t have difficulty doing so. Yes, â€Å"Starbucks Coffee† is a â€Å"mistake,† but one the company has the right to make (and writers and editors have an obligation to honor). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Useful Stock Phrases for Your Business EmailsHow to spell "in lieu of"Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Example

What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Example What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay What the woods or jungle symbolize Essay Essay Topic: The Jungle Life, most importantly, the risks involved in it are symbolized by the jungle or woods in the story. The character who does not hesitate to take risks in his life is Ben. Literally, he entered the jungle with the intention of realizing his dreams. In this way, he gained control of his own life. On the other hand, the protagonist is afraid and is actually losing his grip onto his life. When he lost his job, Willy told his sons that the woods are on fire (2. 2). Moreover, Ben tells Willy that even while the jungle is dark, he must nonetheless enter into it (2. 8). What the Garden symbolizes The protagonists desire to afford for his family a good life is symbolized by the garden in the story. Prior to the building of the apartment blocks, the produce from Willys garden grow in abundance. However the physical development in their neighborhood altered the case of his garden. The protagonist is attempting to cultivate something for his family. For instance, he wanted to become successful so that he can very well provide for them. Willy was almost a success in doing this. However, he eventually failed to transform is dream into reality. Toward the end of the story, one of the last things he did prior to his demise is to plant seeds in his garden. It is indeed, a futile attempt. Success, for Willy is something he most desperately craves but never possessed. What the Brand Names and the Car symbolize The use of brand names in the story, such as Studebaker, Hastings, Simonize, and Chevrolet aids in heightening the realism of the story (1. 3). These brands regarded as status symbols also signify the material success that the protagonist craves for and how it eventually proves to be hollow. Willy is deceived into believing that the possession of these things is tantamount to success. Perhaps the most suggestive symbol presented in the story is that of the car. Community and family pride are symbolized in the weekend excursions and polishing. Still, the car also signifies the instrument by which the protagonist earns a living. Just like the car, Willy also comes to the point when he wears out (Otten 54). What the Rubber Hose symbolizes The appearance of the rubber hose calls to mind the desperate attempt of the protagonist to take his own life. He tried to commit suicide by inhaling gas (2. 8). Ironically, gas represents one of the most important elements needed to produce heat which is something essential for the comfort and health of his family. Death, in the literal sense achieved by means of inhaling gas is comparable to the metaphorical death that the protagonist feels in his efforts to provide a basic necessity for his family. The theme of death is directly related to the symbolism represented by the rubber hose in the story. Willys attempt to inhale gas to kill him self denotes his intention of escaping the realities of his existence. He tries to escape the difficulties of losing his job and his failure to realize success. Deception and grief is also signified by the rubber hose. Willys wife is bewildered over the supposed purpose of the rubber hose when she found it inside their house (2. 1). The deceiving nature of the rubber hose is manifested the moment Biff asked his father about it and the latter denies its existence (2. 1). What the tape recorder symbolizes The change in the protagonists life by means of the advancement in technology is symbolized by the tape recorder. Likewise, it symbolizes the end of his career as a salesman. The moment Howard, his boss presented the tape recorder to him, it seems that Howard is more interested in the technology and sound of the equipment than on his employee who is trying to stay on the job (2. 2). Unfortunately, the services that Willy can offer is not longer needed on the job. He is then fired by his boss. Nonetheless, Willy also had his faults. He does not welcome change and would rather dwell on the past. The scene where the protagonist is left alone with the equipment and unable to turn it off foretells his reluctance to change (2. 2). He still believes and would not want to change his old formula for success. However, in his job, what matters is whom you know and not what you know. He is not up-to-date with the latest in technology or even in business. Nonetheless, he never lost hope. He wanted to leave something behind for his family when his time comes. This intention is signified by his act of planting seeds in the garden. What the downward movements imply The words down, falling, and fall as well as the movement they suggest repeatedly appears in the story. They stress the downfall of the protagonist and his family. The term â€Å"beaten down† is used to describe the protagonist (1. 6). Willy is also described to fall down in the bed with his mistress at one point in the story. He fell on his knees when his eldest son discovered his affair with another woman. Biff, his eldest son ran down eleven flights of stairs after stealing a pen from the office of Oliver. Ultimately, his wife dropped flowers down his grave as he was finally laid to rest (2. 9). He wanted to leave something behind to his eldest son. In his fantasy, he wanted his eldest son to be a successful man. Willys act of planting seeds in the garden symbolizes his dream for Biff. However, Willy is destined to fail despite his actions. He began to plant seeds in the garden in the evening, the time of day where there is no light from the sun (Griffin 54). Obviously, the planted seeds need sunlight in order to grow. Furthermore, large apartment buildings started to rise around their home suggesting a sense of confinement (Bigsby 117). As stressed earlier, Willys planting of the seeds is a futile act. Nonetheless, the protagonist is persistent on his efforts to seek pardon and reconciliation. The aforementioned symbols represent the protagonists failed dreams as well as his reluctance to change, thus his inability to live his life in the now. The story is filled with symbols which when carefully scrutinized allows the audience to decipher the messages that the author seeks to convey. The symbols also help the audience to better understand the characters portrayed. The story repeatedly stresses the failure of the man who is not exactly as successful as he claims to be. Willy misspends his meager salary by purchasing a new pair of stockings for his mistress. Such action develops into further disappointments including his inability to support his family. The protagonist attempts to raise his eldest son in resemblance of him. He wanted Biff to be hard working and ambitious like him. However, when his eldest son grew to become otherwise, Willy takes on the blame. After interpreting the hidden meanings behind identified symbols in the story, the audience can find it easer to understand the personality of the characters portrayed. The protagonist, Willy Loman, is an ambitious man. However, he is a failure in two of his most important roles in life – that of a husband to Linda and a father to Biff and Happy. The symbolism throughout the story is presented on contrasts (Murphy 7). It is built on the everyday and the ordinary contrasted against the distant and the impossible. It is likewise built on the blissful camaraderie of the days gone by with the lonely, disturbing present. Similarly, the symbolism in the story is built on fantasy with reality as well as on the selfish law of the jungle with love. Recollections of the Loman residence prior to the development in their neighborhood are that of a happy past. At present, with apartment buildings closing in, it is not possible to plant anything in the yard. Nonetheless, the protagonist still attempts to do so on his last day. The image of Willy carrying a flashlight in the evening, planting lettuce, beet, and carrot seeds in the barren land, encapsulates the senselessness of the life he lived as well as the heritage he leaves behind as his â€Å"seed. † The jungle, diamonds, timberlands, and frontiers represent the things beyond your reach. On the other hand, the refrigerator and the car among other things signify Willy’s daily struggles and frustrations in life. The picture of the life-giving water in the tank is placed in contrast to the symbol of suicide which his wife discovers, the black rubber pipe with an attachment that fits the gas pipe of the heater. The characters in the story act and sound like normal people, dealing with common domestic as well as social concerns. Still, the flashback dream sequences of the protagonist as well as the ever more apparent symbolism in the story’s clever objection to accepted social expectations also meet the requirements of an expressionistic work, which does not portray real life so much as subjective representation of life. The story presents a portrait of a man who managed to strike an emotional chord which continues to resound. Willy Loman is a man of his time. However, to a certain extent, he is also timeless. He has fascinated audiences the world over and continues to fascinate them until now. Abbotson, Susan C. W. Student Companion to Arthur Miller. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000. Bigsby, C. W. E. Arthur Miller: A Critical Study. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Building a power base Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Building a power base - Essay Example This will happen if and only if I strictly follow the power-building plan that I have. Being a professional and team player tops the list of actions in the power-building plan. To become a supervisor, one needs to prove to the organization that they know their work and that they can work well with the other members of the staff. I am no exception to this and so I have to behave in a manner that shows that I understand what is expected of me. To achieve this, I need to have a decent dress code that will show that I am a nurse; I have to come to work on time and spend extra time socializing with my patients and knowing what is affecting them. To show my professionalism, I need to respect my supervisor and always ensure that I follow their instructions carefully. Every place has its set rules and the healthcare agency is not an exception. To show that I have the ability to become a supervisor, I have to ensure that I know the hospital rules and follow them effectively. This includes reporting time, the dressing code, the way to interact with the patients and the entire w orkforce (Yoder. 2011). Effective communication is one most important element in achieving the goals. This means that I have to effective communicate with all the players in the agency. I have to ensure that through my communication I am able to recognize ranks and ensure that I do not spoil things with my communication. Getting outside help is also important. I have to look at various supervisors and what they did to achieve their current positions. After this, I have to develop leadership qualities. There is no better way of doing this than following the rules of the agency. I also have to ensure that I always see problems in the agency and report them for fixture. Ensuring that the needs of the workforce are met is also an important tool as it allows one to be loved by other members of the workforce. Lastly, I have to get empowerment from other

TERM PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

TERM PAPER - Essay Example Yet in an information security survey of 4,255 information technology and information security managers, forty one percent of respondents said they do not have formal security policies (Anthes, 1998). When asked to identify potential threats to their security, the respondents were almost twice as likely to identify hackers over employees as the threat. However, from the literature, it appears that when comparing outside hacking to insider intruding, the greatest threat to computer security comes from the latter (Salierno, 2000; Anthes, 1998; Davis, 1997; Ernst & Young Survey, 1995; Fillon, 1990; Jelcich, 1987). Given that the literature seems to indicate employees pose the greatest threat to information security in general, this leads more specifically to questions about the security of medical records at hospitals. The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the impact of information security policy and its effect on the number and seriousness of computer abuse incidents that involve the security of personal medical information maintained at hospitals. In addition, further research may be needed to convince other organizations that information security policy is a vital ingredient in the formula for maintaining a competitive advantage (Schneider and Therkalsen, 1990). The proliferation of electronic patient records (EPR) within the health care information infrastructure presents significant benefits for healthcare providers and their patients, but also creates challenges for those healthcare providers. The benefits include enhanced patient autonomy, improved clinical treatment, advances in health research, and public health surveillance The challenge to providers due to this proliferation is the creation of legal challenges in three interrelated areas: privacy of identifiable health information, reliability and quality of health care, and tort based liability (Hodge, et. al., 1999). Our medical records contain some very mundane information about us such as our height, weight, color of hair and eyes, blood type, and our bouts with colds and other illnesses. However, our medical records also contain information on our fertility, emotions, psychiatric makeup, sexual behavior, substance abuse, and genetic predisposition to disease. Access co this information must be controlled because it is information that could potentially be used to the detriment of the patient (Rindfleisch, 1997). Just as corporations protect their proprietary information, patient health records must be

Zara Case Study Essay Example for Free

Zara Case Study Essay First of all, Zara is the flagship brand of the Spanish retail group, Inditex SA, owned by the Spanish Amancio Ortega Gaona. Ortega started his career in the fashion design field, developing his own designs, hitting upon the base-formula of his Group: reproducing popular fashions using less expensive materials in order to sell high-demand clothing items at lower prices. From manufacturing, Ortega soon turned to retail and opened his first and most successful retail store ZARA in 1975 in A Coruna, Spain, where the Inditex Group is headquartered. Once the new Ortega’s retail format, started to be well received by the public, Zara, and the Inditex Group in general, expanded and opened new stores, first all around the Spain, and then all around the world: in 1988 Zara opened its first store abroad, in Portugal. Zara is now present in 72 countries, with more than 1500 Zara stores worldwide. Its vertically integrated structure, where design, production, distribution and retailing are integrated, makes Zara a unique and particular example of successful retail company. Zara’s direct competition may be its largest threat, due to their wide range of merchandise categories. However, with its unique and innovative strategy, Zara has a competitive advantage on traditional retailers in the apparel industry. Zara’s principal competitors are: Arcadia Group, The Gap Inc. , Hennes Mauritz (HM), Benetton Group S. p. a. , Vivarte, Gruppo Coin S. p. a. , Kiabi S. A. , La Redoute, Charles Vogele Holding AG, Mango S. A. Zara clothing has two basic product divisions: Men’s and Women’s apparel. Zara’s catalogue includes also children’s and for teen-ager’s clothing (Zara TRF) as well. Zara offers more products and it offers them more often than similar companies: about 12000 designs introduced every year, with a shelf life of about 4 weeks, compared with 2000-4000 items of its competitors. Three are the winning formulae that Zara use to reach these results: Short supply chain lead times : Zara can quickly indentify the prevalent and winning fashion trend of the moment, in order to quickly produce a response in terms of new style within 2-4 weeks. Lower quantities (in each style): reducing the quantities manufactured in each style and changing the styles every week, people do not postpone the purchase of an item, because they know that it would not be available later. More styles: instead of more quantities per style; even if a style sells out quickly, there are new styles already ready to replace the older ones. Zara merchandising strategy eschew every collaboration with big name designers and multimillion-dollar advertising campaigns: Zara focuses instead in choosing highly visible and premium locations for its stores, that are given priority in their interior and exterior design. â€Å"Today, many companies are looking to Zara as the new industry standard for how to run a retail business, which shows that Zara’s business model is becoming the wave of the future†.

Prostitution Should be Legal on College Campuses :: Education Crime Prostitute Essays

Prostitution Should be Legal on College Campuses I am sure that there are some of you that are thinking, "Prostitution on college campuses, he can't be serious!?" but indeed I am. After all, how hard have you ever thought about the subject? Probably not much, if ever. I mean really, the most any typical guy usually thinks while walking across campus or at a party is geeze, I wish I could get to know her. Well, fortunately for you I am going to give you the low down as to why legalizing prostitution should be implemented on college campuses. I know most of you guys will agree, and possibly some girls, with what I have to say, but I'm sure there will be many critics opposing this change. However, with appropriate monitoring, I believe that State U. should legalize campus prostitution. First, I must say that I am not trying to create the impression in people's minds that I want to see young college students, especially women, roaming the campus streets trying to turn a trick. That would just be insane because that person could only end up getting hurt. What I am envisioning is an escort service. Girls and guys would be able to dial a number where they can acquire the company of someone for the evening. True identities of all parties involved would be concealed to respect privacy, and only ISU students would be allowed to use the service. This way, it would just be the college students, and not the community that would benefit from this service. One of the things that college students suffer from the most is stress, why else do they break the law and go out and get trashed from drinking each weekend? By getting overly stimulated by alcohol, they forget about the stressful week that they just endured. Sex could possibly become a substitute for this, therefore reducing the number of underage drinkers. After all, it has been proven that a little physical activity can rejuvenate the body and leave you feeling refreshed and energized; ready to take on new and challenging tasks. On the flip side though, it can be argued that some people might take advantage of the system and try to pay for sex when they are not truly stressed out. A person may simply want to have sex and making an appointment may possibly take away the service from someone who truly needs it.

Sub Level Caving

Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence SUBLEVEL CAVING TECHNIQUE SIMPLICITY AND LOW COST ARE THE ESSENCE Author: Partha Das Sharma, B. Tech(Hons. ) in Mining Engineering, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1. Introduction – Sublevel caving is usually carried out when mining of the orebody through an open pit method is no longer economically feasible. Mining now proceeds underground, underneath the open pit. At first, both a raise and a network of tunnels are made.At different sublevels, jumbos are used for long hole drilling, drilling directly upwards into the roof. These holes are then charged with explosives and blasted. As the roofs cave in, the rock from the ground surface will cave in to the underground as well. Scoop trams or Load Haul Dump (LHD) vehicles transport the muck, loosened rocks, to an ore pass where the rocks are lifted to the surface. Drilling and blasting takes place at differ ent underground levels of the mine at the same time.As the blasted rock, muck, is continuously transported to the ore pass, more blasting will encourage the roof to cave in to the void and further into the drift. This is repeated until blasting, caving and transporting depletes the entire orebody. 2. Modern day Sublevel caving – The sublevel caving technique, as the method is applied today, the whole quantity of ore between the different sublevels is broken using ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 1Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence controlled drilling and blasting. Sublevel caving is in many respe cts simple. It can be used in orebodies with very different properties and it is easy to mechanize. In sublevel caving, ore is developed from a series of sublevels spaced at regular intervals throughout the orebody. Mining begins at the top of the orebody. A series of ring patterns is drilled and blasted from each sublevel. Broken ore is mucked out after each blast and the overlying waste rock caves on top of the broken ore. This technique is inexpensive, highly mechanized and yields a large amount of muck.It is normally used in massive, steeply-dipping orebodies with considerable strike length. Since dilution and low recoveries are unavoidable, sublevel caving is used to mine lowgrade, low-value ore-bodies. However, studies are going on in various levels to eliminate the shortcoming of the system. The designs which are used and the measures which can be taken to eliminate the disadvantages are less understood. Possibly the modern version of the method was developed in the iron mine s of Sweden. Over the past few years, the scale of sublevel caving has increased markedly with LKAB being a leader in this regard.Today, with the continuing push to increase mining scale, a fundamental question is whether the gravity flow principles which served as the design basis for the small-scale sublevel caving mine designs of the past can be applied at much larger scales or whether some other approach is required. In fact, in design and operating practices, sublevel caving is among the most advanced of all mining methods. Sound engineering is indispensable to its conduct. The reason is related to the complexity of the caving action and the necessity of controlling it. The increased sublevel interval requires diligence in drilling, loading and blasting practices.The advent of improved drilling technology has made increased sublevel intervals possible in the sublevel cave mine. Hydraulic tube rod drill rigs have made long ——————— ———————————————————————————- 2 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence up-holes accurate with less than 2% deviation. Apart, blasting pattern used has also plays very important role.Proper fragmentation and blasting efficiency is evaluated by measuring the percentage of muck which is able to pass the designated blast size. 3. Description of sublevel caving method – An underground mining method used in large, steeply dipping orebodies where the wall rock is of an incompetent nature. Parallel drives are developed in the ore on equally spaced levels. The ore is then drilled and blasted using longholes between levels, often in a circular or fan pattern, on retreat. The weight of the rock is used to assist breakage. The upper levels are mined ahead of lower levels.Broken ore is extracted from the drive before the next blast takes place. The wall rock caves in when the ore is extracted. As discussed, in sublevel caving, the hanging wall is allowed to cave in as the ore is drilled, blasted and removed. The wall caving is induced by mining the ore in controlled sequence, usually from hanging wall to footwall and from top to bottom. Sublevel caving is often used in conjunction with surface mining. Sublevel caving extracts the ore via sublevels, which are developed in the orebody at regular vertical spacing. Each sublevel features systematic layout with parallel drifts, along or across the orebody.In the wide orebody, sublevel drifts start from the footwall drive, to continue across, reaching the hanging wall. In the orebody lesser width, sublevel drifts are branched off in both directions, from a centre crosscut drive. ——à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 3 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development volume to prepare sublevel caving is extensive, compared to other mining methods.However, development is mainly drifting to prepare sublevels. Drifting is a simple and routine job for the mechanised mine. Development of sublevels is done efficiently, in an environment of multiple faces on one sublevel available to drill rigs and loaders. A ramp connection is needed to connect different sublevels, and communicate with main transport routes. Ore passes are also required, at strategically locations along sublevels, for LHD-loaders to dump ore from sublevels, to be collected and transported on the haulage level below. —————————————————————————– ————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 4 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Longhole rigs drill the ore section above the drift, in a fan spread pattern. Longhole drilling is a procedure which is done independent of other jobs, often well ahead of charging. Thus, drilling and charging-blasting longholes can be timed to suit the mine’s production schedules.Blasting on each sublevel starts at the hanging wall, mining then retreats toward the footwall. Miners aim the cave to follow an approximately straight front, and adjacent d rifts mined at similar pace. A section through the cave to show upper sublevels one step ahead of sublevels underneath. Blasting the longhole fan breaks the ore volume covered by the fan-pattern. As the cave is filled with fractured rock, most of the fresh ore remains in the cave, while some caves into the drift opening. Mucking out with LHD-loaders creates a cave pattern of ore and waste from above.Loading continues until the operator decides that waste dilution is too high, and stops the mucking, and transfers to a nearby drift heading with a fresh cave. In the meantime, the empty heading is occupied by the charging team, to charge next ring of longholes. Ore handling involves mucking out at the cave, transport on sublevels and dumping into ore passes. Waste dilution and ore losses are drawbacks for sublevel caving. Waste dilution varies between 15 and 40%, ore losses from 15 % to 25 %, depending on local conditions. Dilution is of less influence for orebodies with diffuse boundar ies, where the host rock contains low grades minerals.Parameters directly influence flow behaviour have been found to include the geometry of the extraction layout and drives, sublevel height, blast ring design, material characteristics of the blasted and waste material, and draw control methodology. In most of the sublevel caving system blasting parameters dominate in association with recovery when compared to drawpoint and geological parameters. Generally, sublevel caving method employs use of fan drilling using long and smalldiameter holes, between sublevels or drill drifts to undercut and blast the ore-zone. An initial slot is developed at the wallrock, and vertical uphole fans are rilled in a diamond pattern from sublevel in sequence. Generally, eight holes, inclined 80 to 85 degrees toward the slot, are drilled. Hole diameter average 51 mm, Burden and Spacing vary from 1. 2 to 1. 8 m and 1. 5 to 1. 8 m respectively. Blasting is performed against broken waste rock as wall rock caves. Generally, specific-charge range from 0. 3 to 0. 4 kg/ton. 4. Below are some salient features of Sublevel caving technique: Application * Weak walls and strong ore preferred though weak ore can be mined too. * Steep dip: A vertical dip is best, while dip>60 is fine too.Possibility of loss of ore in non-vertical steep dips Considerable loss of reserves in flat dips * Preferably, the ore and the rock should be easily separable * Surface should be amenable to caving (not an inhabited or the watershed area etc) ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 5 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Development * Signif icant. Almost 20% of the ore is mine during development * Sublevels are established generally at 7. -12. 2 m vertical intervals and about 10. 7 m horizontal intervals The vertical interval is dependent on the drilling accuracy and the dip of the orebody The horizontal and vertical spacings affect the eccentricity of the cave * The size and shape of the production drift affects the draw Drift should be as wide as possible Should give good support to the back and the brows If the back is arched, the draw is mostly at the center and none on the sides If the back has to be arched for ground support, the drifts should be closer Ore remnants left behind (due to being out of reach of LHD’s) increase with height.Therefore, drift height should be as small as possible (usually about 3-3. 2 m). * Slot raises are driven at the hanging wall end of the production drift all the way up to the next level * Haulage levels driven in waste In wide orebodies, transverse layouts may be used (ore w idths should be > 12-15 m) Here, the production drifts are perpendicular to the strike Recovery better than longitudinal layouts Haulage drift in waste (footwall), about 9 m from ore contact. This distance is maintained so that blasting does not occur too close to it.Diamond drilling is done to obtain ore boundaries so that the haulage drift is neither too close nor too far away. o o * Ramps may be driven at 15 -18 , to production levels to provide access * Long, fan holes drilled 70-80 degrees forward (about 8 holes Production totaling 100 m in a ring) * Side holes, if drilled, should be steeper than 70 degree Side holes reduce length of holes driven up from the level below If flat holes drilled to the sides, however, the blasted material from the side holes cannot be extracted from the working level.Therefore, the neighboring fan hole blasted material does not get enough room to expand * Brows should be supported if necessary If brows collapse, ore floods the drift and covers some rings Also, the loader has problems loading as the ore does not stack high If brows are uneven, the ore funnels down the high spots ——————————————————————————————————- 6 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence If sloughing or high brows are noticed from development, it may be decided to blast more than 2 rings just to advance through the area * If drilling is not accurate, a bridge/arch may be left in the stope Re-slotting may become necessary * Powder factor high as blasting is always against blasted muck (almost twice that of blasting against an open face) * LHD’s used for mucking * Good ventilation necessary as all working faces are dead ends * Productivity is quite high (about 36 ton/miner-shift) Comments * High dilution from caved waste.Ore losses occur as well since not all mined ore can be recovered. * Ore/waste flow cannot be predicted accurately prior to mining. * Probably the most economical when mining in weak strata * Development openings are not kept open for the entire life of mine. Once a level is extracted, the development openings are consumed. * Safe, since all mining activities are in small, protected openings. * High degree of mechanization possible. 5. Discussion on ore flow, drilling and blasting for efficient workings: * Fragmentation is of key importance to sublevel cave stope.Proper fragmentation of the ore column resulted in improved efficiency for the other mine operations and was critical to recovery. * Underground observations indicate that the draw-points must be wide enough to account for inconsistent blast results and provide regular flow. * The dr aw-point width determines the width and flow strength of the central channel which is important to achieving high recovery of the ring. * The middle holes of the ring are fired first and can make first use of the swell volume offered by the underlying sublevel drift. * The central holes are drilled subvertical, fairly parallel, and relatively close to one another.The result is a relatively high and uniform specific charge compared to the other holes in the round. Thus, one would expect the best, most uniform fragmentation. * The ore material in the central part of the round can make the best use of the effect of gravity in directing it to the drawpoint. * All of the material in the fan is drilled and blasted. * Because of the fan geometry, the amount of explosive/unit volume and hence the fragmentation varies throughout the fan. * The ore material in the centre part of the fan and the lower part of the fan has a much higher specific charge than that at the boundaries of the ring. Fu rthermore, the â€Å"cave† which lies in front of the blasted slice is an eclectic mixture of waste rock and ore remnants. * Its mobility varies with location and with time (it changes with the extraction geometry). ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 7 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Finally, most rock materials upon being blasted would like to bulk (swell) of the order of 50%. In sublevel caving, it is the sublevel drift located at the bottom end of the fan which is the primary provider of swell space for the ore in the ring. * It has been observed that, increased amounts of oversize in the r ing decreases recovery, proving the importance of proper fragmentation for sublevel cave operation. * Recoveries could be less than 60% if the ring is composed of 30% oversize. The oversize in the draw-point reduces the mobility of the ore, thus preventing high recovery. * Effective blast patterns also take into consideration the amount of benching. High powder factors are also required to reduce benching but may create excessive blast damage and over-break. * Practical solutions, such as, the blast pattern, blasthole size, primer sequencing, powder factor and degree of fragmentation are to be considered in order to be efficient. 6. Design parameters and some preliminary design rules – Design parameters in sublevel caving are largely a function of caving mechanics, the branch of rock mechanics related to the breakage and collapse of consolidated materials in place and their flow downward by gravity.Although, the ore has to be drilled and blasted, the overlying rock comprising capping or hanging wall is undercut and caves. Extremely careful controls must be exercised in drawing the ore to avoid excessive dilution. Draw control is the practice of regulating the withdrawal of ore in the sublevel crosscuts so as to optimize the economics of draw. Preliminary design rules: * Sublevel drift size (width (Wd) and height (Hd): determined based on equipment. * Sublevel interval (HS): the theoretical maximum value is based on the ability to drill long, straight holes.This, in turn, is based on the hole diameter (D). The actual limit is based on recovery and dilution considerations which are due to managing ore/waste pulsation. * Hole diameter (D): based on the available drilling equipment and the ability to charge long holes. * Spacing of the sublevel drifts (Sd): Sd = (2. 4 to 2. 7) Wd * Ring spacing (Burden B): Based upon the damage radius (Rd): B = 2 Rd Where: Rd/rh = 20 ( Peexp/PeANFO)? ( 2. 65/? rock)? ? Rd = damage radius (m); rh = hole radius (m); Peexp = e xplosion pressure for the explosive; PeANFO = explosion pressure for ANFO = 1600 MPa; ? ock = rock density (g/cm3); 2. 65 = density of typical rock (g/cm3). * Hole toe spacing (ST): based upon the burden ST = 1. 3 B. * Spacing for parallel holes (SP): based upon the burden SP = B. * Front inclination: 70–80 degrees (forward). Example: If it is assumed that: D = 115 mm; Drift dimensions: 7 m wide by 5 m high; Explosive: emulsion (Pe Exp = 3900 MPa); Rock density = 4. 6 g/cm3; Sublevel interval: 25 m based on drilling ability and control of pulsation. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. ail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ 8 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence One finds that the remaining dimensions are: Sublevel drift spacing: 17–19 m; Burden: 2. 7 m; Toe spacing (fanned): 3. 5 m; Toe spacing (parallel): 3 m; Front inclination: 80 degree selected. 7. Experience from LKAB, Sweden – Sub-level caving (SLC) is an important mass mining method, used at LKAB. The caved rock or debris at the SLC interface reduces the fragmentation and the swelling of the blasted ring and it dissipates the explosive energy.These phenomena may immobilize the blasted ring, causing ore losses. There are two major factors that influence the mobilization of the blasted ring, fragmentation and swelling of the blasted material. The caving process is influenced by also the stiffness of the waste rock, which is dependent in some way by the compaction that the blast ring contributes to. By using the acoustic impedance between the blasted material and the confining debris, a relationship for both fragmentation and compaction have been fou nd depending on material, specific charge and physical properties of the debris.Regression analysis has been used for both tasks, where the two statistical hypotheses clearly have good agreement with actual data i. e. the prediction models can forecast both the fragmentation and compaction for this set-up with reasonable accuracy The results can be comparable with confined blasting in large scale, this both that it have representative design parameters that fulfil in many ways the scaling laws and the second is that it can be linked to other comparisons between large-scale and small-scale, where the similarities have been shown.LKAB’s Malmberget – The Malmberget mine consists of about 20 orebodies, of which ten are currently mined. Most of the deposit consists of magnetite ore, but non-magnetic hematite also occurs. The present main level of the Malmberget mine is at a depth of 1000 meters. About 14 Mt of crude ore is extracted from the orebodies each year. Development – The first stage of mining is drift development. A drift is a tunnel that is driven into the rock. Development involves construction of new areas of the mine where ore can be extracted.A development project begins with construction documents prepared by the mine planning department. Each year, the mine planning department orders development work on the basis of the forecast demand for products as well as current knowledge of the status of the orebody. A development drift goes right through the orebody. Drifts are driven with electrichydraulic drill rigs. For each charge, as many as 60 holes are drilled. Each hole is about 5 meters deep. When all the holes are drilled, they are charged with explosives. The charge is blasted at night. The loose ore is then hauled out by a front loader.This procedure is repeated until the entire development drift has been driven. The drifts can be up to 80 meters long. If necessary, the walls and ceiling of the drift are reinforced with rock b olts and/or shotcrete. When development is complete, i. e. , when several drifts have been driven in the same area, the next stage of mining can begin; namely, production drilling. ——————————————————————————————————Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. ordpress. com/ 9 Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence Production drilling – Slices of ore are drilled up with remote-controlled production drilling rigs. From their control rooms, the operators (drillers) operate several drill rigs out in the production areas via remote control. The rig drills upwards into the ore, forming fan-shaped patterns of holes. There are 10 drill holes in each series. They are no rmally about 40-45 meters deep. The holes are straight, so that subsequent charging with explosive and blasting can be done efficiently.When a pattern of holes has been drilled, the rig is moved back three meters, then drilling of the next pattern begins. About 20 of these patterns will be drilled in an 80-meter drift. Once drilling is completed in the entire drift, the holes can charged with explosive. Blasting – A robot injects explosive into the drill holes in one pattern. The explosive is manufactured by LKAB’s own explosives company. Blasting is done every night. Each round brings down about 10,000 tonnes of ore. When the blast has been ventilated, loading with wheeled loaders can begin.Then, the next pattern is charged, etc. The procedure is repeated until the entire drift has been mined out. 8. Conclusion – Caving methods have become the underground bulk mining methods of choice and expected to continue in the foreseeable future. The growing popularity of caving methods around the world is largely due to the very low production cost and the intrinsic safety associated with this mining approach. It is often the only viable mining method for some of the lower grade massive orebodies that are becoming too deep for open pit mining. Caving of strong rock masses has ecome accepted practice even though there are still some challenges to be resolved. Strategically, most medium and large mining companies are operating or planning to operate a caving mine. Codelco's El Teniente mine in Chile and the LKAB Kiruna Mine in Sweden are among the largest and most famous caving operations in the world. Australia’s leading caving operations include Rio Tinto's Northparkes mines, BHP Billiton Nickel West's Perseverance Mine and Newcrest's Telfer and Ridgeway gold mines. References: * Kvapil, R , â€Å"Subleve l Caving†, Underground Mining Methods Handbook. â€Å"d Edit ion, Vol. 2. , H. L. Hartman, ed. , SME. Littleton, CO, 1992, p. 1789 . * Geddes, P. J. , â€Å"Swedish Drilling and Blasting Practice†, Trans. Int. Min. Metail. , 1 986, Sect. A. , V. 95, p. 204-207. * Alatalo. R. , Heden, H. and Ronnback, L. , ‘large Scale Sublevel Caving in LKAB Malmberget Mine†, Proc. Int. Sym. Large Scale Underground hfining, Nov. 1985, V. 7. Lulea, p. 139- 145. * Baase, R. A. , Diment, W. D. , and Petrina, A. J. , â€Å"Sublevel Caving at Craigmont Mines Ltd. â€Å", Underground Mining Methods Handbook, W. A. Hustrulid, ed.. SME, New York, 1982, p. 898. Chatterjee, P. K. , Just, G. D. , and Ham, G. I.. ‘Sub-level caving simulation of 3000 pillar-recovery operation at Mount Isa mine. Australia†. Tram inst . min. & Met.. Sect. A. , V. 88.. Oct. 1979, p. Al47-Al55. —————————————————————————————â€⠀Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 10 Author: Partha Das Sharma, E. mail: [email  protected] com, Blog/Website: http://miningandblasting. wordpress. com/ Sublevel caving techniqueSimplicity and low cost are the essence * Cox, LA. , â€Å"Latest Developments and Draw Control in Sublevel Caving†, Trans.Int. Min Metall. , 1967, V. 76, p. A149-159. * Hustrulid. A. , â€Å"Sublevel Cave Mining at LKAB Kinina Mine†. iNCO presentation Aug. 1995. * Bull, G. and Page, C. H. (2000) Sublevel caving – today’s dependable low-cost ‘ore factory’, in Proceedings MassMin 2000, G. Chitombo (ed), 29 October to 2 November 2000, Brisbane, Australia, Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Melbourne, pp. 537–556. * Hustrulid, W. and Kvapil, R. (2008) Sublevel Caving – past and future, in Proceedings 5th International Conference and Exhibition on Mass Mining, MassMin 2008, H. Schunnesson and

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